Research & Development Status and Prospects of Fast DC Circuit Breakers
刘路辉, 叶志浩, 付立军, 熊又星, 吴楠
舰船综合电力技术国防科技重点实验室(海军工程大学), 湖北省 武汉市 430033
LIU Luhui, YE Zhihao, FU Lijun, XIONG Youxing, WU Nan
National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Vessel Integrated Power System (Naval University ofEngineering), Wuhan 430033, Hubei Province, China
基金项目:
国家重点基础研究发展计划项目(973项目)(613294);
国家自然科学基金项目(51607184);
The National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program)(613294);
Project Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (51607184);
文章编号: 0258-8013(2017)04-0966-12
中图分类号: TM561
摘要
快速直流断路器是实现直流电网故障元件快速隔离、构建直流电网的关键设备。该文分析了直流电力系统对快速直流断路器的需求,对空气式直流断路器、直流固态断路器、混合型直流断路器(hybrid DC circuit breaker,HDCCB)的工作原理、优缺点和研究现状进行综述,最后对快速直流断路器研发中的关键问题进行了展望。
关键词 :直流;
直流断路器;
固态断路器;
混合型直流断路器;
研发现状;
DOI:10.13334/j.0258-8013.pcsee.160976
ABSTRACT
The fast direct current circuit breaker is the key equipment to realize the rapid isolation of the fault components and the construction of the direct current power system. The requirements of fast direct current circuit breaker put forward by direct current power system were analyzed. The fundamental mechanisms of different methods to break direct current were presented. The state of the art research and development of the air direct current circuit breaker, the solid state direct current circuit breaker, the hybrid direct current circuit breaker were reviewed. Some points for the development of fast direct current circuit breaker were presented as well.
KEY WORDS :direct current;direct current circuit breaker;solid state circuit breaker;hybrid direct current circuit breaker (HDCCB);research & development (R&D);
在输电领域,电压源换流器技术具有有功功率与无功功率可以独立控制、无需滤波及无功补偿设备、可向孤岛供电、潮流翻转时电压极性不变等优势[13]。基于电压源换流器的柔性直流高压输电技术(voltage-sourced converter high-voltage direct current,VSC-HVDC)快速发展,多端柔性直流输电系统、乃至进一步发展组成直流电网,成为解决长距离大容量电能输送、新能源发电并网和大城市供电的有效技术途径,受到了人们的广泛关注[13-16]。VSC-HVDC中平波电抗器小,直流侧含有较大的电容,系统短路电流上升率可达到10kA/ms[17]。随着短路电流快速上升,直流电压在几个ms的时间内就会跌落至额定电压的80%以下,而VSC在直流电压跌落至额定电压的80%以下时将难以继续工作[7,18]。作为系统中起着控制和保护双重作用的电力设备,快速直流断路器必须能够限制并切断故障电流,维持直流电网安全稳定运行。高压快速直流断路器的研制已成为制约直流电网发展的瓶颈。
混合型开关技术将额定电流承载、短路电流分断与系统储能的消耗吸收等工作分开完成,设计时便于解耦处理。针对混合型直流断路器,很多学者提出了不同结构的电路拓扑和技术方案[35-63]。根据原理可以分为零电压型(zero voltage switch,ZVS)、零电流型(zero current switch,ZCS)和ZVS-ZCS联合型,如图7所示。3种混合型直流断路器(hybrid direct current circuit breaker,HDCCB)的共同之处是均由机械开关、分断支路(换流支路)和限压吸能支路并联组成,主要由机械开关承担通流任务,利用非线性氧化物金属电阻(metal oxide varistor,MOV) 构成
图7
三种混合型直流断路器原理图
Fig. 7
Three kinds of HDCCB principle
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